Adams, W. B. (1996). A consideration of key factors to underachievement in South African schools. In P. Engelbrecht, S. M. Kriegler, & M. I. Booysen (Eds.), Perspectives on learning difficulties: International concerns and South African realities (pp. 312-323). J.L. van Schaik Academic. 

Azzopardi, M., & Azzopardi, C. (2019). Relationship between item difficulty level and item discrimination in biology final examinations. In M Carmo (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Education and New Developments (pp. 3-7). World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (WIARS), Portugal.  https://doi.org/10.36315/2019v2end001

Barnard, T., Bevan, W., Collett, H., McKay, R., & Turley, C. (2013). Oxford successful natural sciences and technology grade 4 Learner’s book (CAPS). OUP Southern Africa.

Caulfield, J. (2023). How to Do Thematic Analysis. A Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/

Chick, J. K. (1995). Intercultural communication. In S. L. Mckay & N. H. Hornberger (Eds.), Socio linguistics and language teaching (pp. 329-348). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551185.015

Chick, K., & McKay, S. (2001). Teaching English in multiethnic schools in the Durban area: The promotion of multilingualism or monolingualism? Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 19(3-4), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073610109486285

Choak, C. (2011). Asking questions: Interviews and evaluations. In S. Bradford (Ed.), Analysing semi-structured interviews using thematic analysis: Exploring voluntary civic participation among adults & F. Cullen (Ed), Research and research methods for youth practitioners (pp. 90-112). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203802571

Coetzer, T., Livingston, C., & Barnard, E. (2023). Using visual representations to enhance isiXhosa home language learners’ mathematical understanding. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 13(1), Article a1297. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v13i1.1297

Cox, C. (2008). Teaching language arts: A student-and-teacher-centered classroom. Allyn and Bacon Publishers.

Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage.

De Klerk, V. (1996). Use of and attitudes to English in a multilingual university. English World Wide, 17(1), 111-127.  https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.17.1.06dek

Department of Basic Education. (2011). Curriculum and assessment policy statement Grades 1-3: English first additional language. https://bit.ly/47TKhu3

Department of Education. (1997). The language in education policy. https://bit.ly/3XYqIMF  

Desai, Z. (2001). Multilingualism in South Africa with particular reference to the role of African languages in education. International Review of Education, 47, 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017957927500

Dockx, J., Bellens, K., & De Fraine, B. (2020). Do textbooks matter for reading comprehension? A Study in Flemish primary education. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 02959. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02959

Elston, A., Tiba, C., & Condy, J. (2022). The role of explicit teaching of reading comprehension strategies to an English as a second language learner. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 12(1), Article a1097. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v12i1.1097

Employment of Educators Act, 76. (1998).  https://bit.ly/4gR7jpp

Emsley, M. R. (2020). Teachers' views on a double transit in Grade 4: From foundation phase to intermediate phase and from indigenous language to English. Journal of African Education, 1(3), 109-129. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-aa_jae-v1-n3-a6

Evans, C., & Lewis, J. (2018). Analysing Semi-structured interviews using thematic analysis: Exploring voluntary civic participation among adults. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526439284

Faber, J., & Fonseca, L. M. (2014). How sample size influences research outcomes. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics, 19(4), 27-29. https://doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.4.027-029.ebo

Fesi, L., & Mncube, V. (2021). Challenges of English as a first additional language: Fourth grade reading teachers’ perspectives. South African Journal of Education, 41(3), Article 1849. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v41n3a1849

Fleisch, B. (2008). Primary Education in Crisis: Why South African schoolchildren underachieve in reading and mathematics. Juta and Company Ltd.

Harmon, C. A. (2016). A Mixed Methods Case Study Exploring Simulation and Caring in Nursing Education. 750 [Doctoral dissertations, Louisiana State University]. LSU Scholarly Repository https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.750

Henning, E., Van Rensburg, W., & Smit, B. (2004). Finding your way in qualitative research. Van Schaik Publishers.

Heugh, K. (2006). Theory and practice-language education models in Africa: Research, design, decision-making, and outcomes. In A. Ouane & C. Glanz (Ed.), Optimizing learning and education in Africa (pp. 105-156). Raven Press.

Jaiswal, S. K., & Choudhuri, R. (2017). A review of the relationship between parental involvement and student’s academic performance. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(3), Article 99. https://doi.org/10.25215/0403.052

Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224

Kanamitie, J. N., Nketsiah, J., & Asenso, K. (2023). English language proficiency: A predictor of academic performance in biology. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 7(3), 358-367. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7303

Khammar, A., Yarahmadi, M., & Madadizadeh, F. (2020). What is analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and how to correctly report its results in medical research? Iranian journal of public health Journal of Public Health, 49(5), 1016-1017.https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i5.3227

Kisumbe, L. A., & Mashala, Y. L. (2020). Effects of the language of instruction on learning in secondary education and its implications in workforce preparation: A case of Dodoma, Tanzania. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 10(3), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i3.17370

Lemmer, M., Rapule, S., & Edwards, J.-A. (2008). Educators' selection and evaluation of natural sciences textbooks. South African Journal of Education. 28, 175-187. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v28n2a169

Luft, J. A., Hanuscin, D., Hobbs, L., & Törner, G. (2020). Out-of-field teaching in Science: An Overlooked Problem. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 31(7), 719-724. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2020.1814052

Macdonald, C. A. (1990). Crossing the threshold into standard three: Main report of the threshold project. Human Sciences Research Council.

Mahan, K. R. (2022). The comprehending teacher: Scaffolding in content and language integrated learning (CLIL). Language Learning Journal, 50(1), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1705879

Majaski, C. (2020, October 24). Hypothesis testing: 4 Steps and Example. Investopedia. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hypothesistesting.asp

Maree, J. G., & Erasmus, C. P. (2006). Mathematics Skills of Tswana-Speaking Learners in the North West Province of South Africa. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 13(1-2), 71-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2006.9747967

Mawela, A. S., & Mahlambi, S. B. (2021). Exploring teachers' views on code-switching as a communicative technique to enhance the teaching of mathematics in grade 4. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 7(4), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.7.4.637

McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2001). Research in education: A conceptual introduction (5th ed.). Longman.

McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry (6th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.

Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Jossey-Bass.

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.

Mji, A., & Makgato, M. (2006). Factors associated with high school learners' poor performance: A spotlight on mathematics and physical science. South African Journal of Education, 26(2), 253-266. https://bit.ly/3zOBYD1

Motloung, A. N., & Mavuru, L., & McNaught, C. (2021). Teachers’ beliefs and practices when teaching life sciences using their second language. South African Journal of Education, 41(1), Article 2005.  https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v41ns1a2005 

Mpofu, N. (2024). The implementation of English across the curriculum: An exploratory study of how south African educators teach writing in history lessons. Tesol Journal, 15(1), Article e748. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.748

Msipha, M., & Mavuru, L. (2022). The impact of scientific language on the teaching and learning of grade 7 natural sciences. Education and New Developments, 5(1), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end119

Mtsi, N., & Maphosa, C. (2016). Challenges encountered in the teaching and learning of the natural sciences in rural schools in South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 47(1), 58-67. https://bit.ly/3XNK0Eg

Nel, N., & Müller, H. (2010). The impact of teachers' limited English proficiency on English second language learners in South African schools. South African Journal of Education, 30, 635-650. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v30n4a393

Ngema, M. (2016). Using individual needs analysis to promote the effectiveness of foundation phase teachers in Imfolozi Circuit, KwaZulu-Natal [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa]. Archive CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79170728.pdf

Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS program (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage.

Phajane, M. H. (2021). Reading instructions in African schools’ transition to English medium education: Matters emerging from classroom observations. Elementary Education Online/Ilkogretim Online, 20(2), 258-266. https://bit.ly/3BDCqER

Phatudi, N. (2014). Introducing EFAL as language of learning and teaching. In N. Phatudi (Ed.), Introducing English as First Additional Language in the Early Years. (pp. 20-32). Pearson.

Romero, R. D., Cortezano, G. P., Manaig, K. A., Yazon, A. D., & Tesoro, J. F. B. (2023). A phenomenological investigation of senior high school learners with low English language proficiency. Journal of English as a Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 3(1), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.31098/jefltr.v3i1.1148

Salazar, M. D. C., Bruno, J. K., & Schneider, M. P. (2022). High quality, equity, and assessment: An analysis of variables impacting English learner standardized science test performance and implications for construct validity. Sustainability, 14(13), Article 7814. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137814

Sanchez, I. A., & Saranza, C. S. (2023). Class participation and proficiency in English subject: Basis of English curriculum development. European Journal of Humanities and Educational Advancements, 4(10), 1-13. https://bit.ly/3BsdAHN

Shorten, A., & Smith, J. (2017). Mixed methods research: Expanding the evidence base. Evidence-based nursing, 20(3), 74-75. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102699

Shubani, M., & Mavuru, L. (2022). English second language learners’ challenges in comprehending physical sciences concepts. In M. Carmo (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Developments 2022: vol. 1. (pp.320-324) https://doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end073

Sibanda, L., & Graven, M. (2018). Can mathematics assessments be considered valid if learners fail to access what is asked of them? South African Journal of Childhood Education, 8(1), Article a505. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v8i1.505

Taylor, S., & von Fintel, M. (2016). Estimating the impact of language of instruction in South African primary schools: A fixed effects approach. Economics of Education Review, 50, 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.01.003

Teane, F. M. (2019). Language of learning and teaching as a barrier to effective implementation of caps: Narratives of grade 10 life sciences teachers. Per Linguam, 35(3), Article 859. https://doi.org/10.5785/35-3-859

Van Laere, E., Aesaert, K., & Van Braak, J. (2014). The role of students’ home language in science achievement: A multilevel approach. Internal Journal Science Education, 36(16), 2772-2794. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2014.936327

Webb, V. N. (2006). The non-use of African languages in education in Africa. In C. van der Walt (Ed.), Living through languages an African tribute to René Dirven, (pp, 131-145). Sun press.

Wilson, N., & Mavuru, L. (2023). Multilingual learners’ perceptions of the role of English and scientific language on natural sciences learning. Education and New Developments, 1, 523-527. https://doi.org/10.36315/2023v1end117