Xenophobia among University Students: Its Relationship with Five Factor Model and Dark Triad Personality Traits
Xenophobia, being hostile to foreigners and feeling fear of them, is considered as hating and having prejudices against the people of other nations. I.
- Pub. date: August 15, 2020
- Pages: 545-554
- 506 Downloads
- 769 Views
- 4 Citations
Xenophobia, being hostile to foreigners and feeling fear of them, is considered as hating and having prejudices against the people of other nations. It is noticed that with the increase of migration movements on a global scale in recent years, xenophobia has become one of the more critical subjects in the scientific world. Determining the relationships between xenophobic attitudes and personal traits is considered as one of the important steps in developing relationships especially among people from different cultures. By detecting positive personality traits and negative personality traits associated with xenophobia, interpersonal relationships can be developed. Accordingly, in the current study, it is aimed to determine the relationships between xenophobia and personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness, and Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy). For this purpose, data were collected from 422 (342 females, 80 males) university students via the data collection tools, which are “Xenophobia Scale”, “Adjectives Based Personality Test” and “Dirty Dozen Scale”. The data were analyzed by stepwise regression technique. As a result of the analyzes, it has been observed that agreeableness, which is among the five-factor personality traits, and psychopathy and narcissism, which are among the dark triad-personality traits predicted xenophobia significantly. Accordingly, it was determined that the agreeable people had lower levels of xenophobic attitudes. Psychopathy and narcissism personality traits have been observed to lead to higher levels of xenophobic attitudes.
Keywords: Five-factor personality, dark triad, xenophobia.
References
Ackermann, K., & Ackermann, M. (2015). The big five in context: Personality, diversity and attitudes toward equal opportunities for immigrants in Switzerland. Swiss Political Science Review, 21(3), 396-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12170
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper & Brothers.
American Psychiatric Association (2010, June 1). Xenophobia, immigration, and mental health. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.173.3296&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Aslan, S., & Aybek, B. (2020). Testing the effectiveness of interdisciplinary curriculum-based multicultural education on tolerance and critical thinking skill. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(1), 43-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.12973/ijem.6.1.43
Bacanli, H., Ilhan, T., & Aslan, S. (2009). Bes faktor kuramina dayali bir kisilik olceginin gelistirilmesi: Sifatlara dayali kisilik testi [Development of a personality scale based on five factor theory: Adjective based personality test]. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences/Turk Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi 7(2), 261-279. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/ download/article-file/256271
Barbarino, M. L., & Sturmer, S. (2016). Different origins of xenophile and xenophobic orientations in human personality structure: A theoretical perspective and some preliminary findings. Journal of Social Issues, 72(3), 432-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12175
Boehnke, K., Hagan, J., & Hefler, G. (1998). On the development of xenophobia in Germany: The adolescent years. Journal of Social Issues, 54(3), 585-602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01237.x
Bozdag, F., & Kocaturk, M. (2017). Zenofobi olceginin gelistirilmesi: Gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismalari [Development of xenophobia scale: Validity and reliability analysis]. The Journal of International Social Research/Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi, 10(52), 615-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1921
Campbell, D. T., & McCandless, B. R. (1951). Ethnocentrism, xenophobia and personality. Human Relations, 4(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675100400204
Case, K. A., Fishbein, H. D., & Ritchey, P. N. (2006). Personality’s influence on higher order factors of prejudice and discrimination. Current Research in Social Psychology, 11(13), 187-201. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.409.5511 &rep=rep1&type=pdf
Chen, E. C., & Park-Taylor, J. (2006). The intersection of racism and immigration: Implications for educational and counseling practice. In M. G. Constantine & D. W. Sue (Eds.), Addressing racism: Facilitating cultural competence in mental health and educational settings (p. 43–64). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Corsini, R. J. (2001). The dictionary of psychology. Brunner – Routledge.
Dinesen, P. T., Klemmensen, R., & Nørgaard, A. (2014). Attitudes towards immigration: The role of personal predispositions. Political Psychology, 37(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12220
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. & Hyun, H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mc Graw Hill.
Gallego, A., & Pardos-Prado, S. (2014). The big five personality traits and attitudes towards immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(1), 79-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.826131
Genkova, P., & Grimmelsmann, M. (2020). Investigating interculturality in Germany by means of social identity, social distance, personality and xenophobia. Migration and Development, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1756714
Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., & Dowling, C. M. (2011). Personality traits and the consumption of political information. American Politics Research, 39(1), 32-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X10381466
Harrison, N., & Peacock, N. (2010). Cultural distance, mindfulness and passive xenophobia: Using Integrated Threat Theory to explore home higher education students’ perspectives on ‘internationalisation at home’. British Educational Research Journal, 36(6), 877-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920903191047
Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(2), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07. 006
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019265
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). Differentiating the dark triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology (pp. 249-268). Wiley & Sons.
Litvinova, A. V., & Tarasov, K. (2012). The psychological determinants causing tendency to xenophobia at students of humanitarian colleges. Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century, 3, 60-66. http://www.scientiasocialis.lt/ppc/files/pdf/Litvinova-Tarasov_Vol.3.pdf
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood. A five-factor theory perspective. The Guilford Press.
Omoluabi, P. F. (2008). Psychological foundation of xenophobia. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 16(2), 53-71. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC38743
Oxford Dictionary (n.d.). Xenophobia. In Oxford learner’s dictionaries. Retrieved February 20, 2019 from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xenophobia
Oztabak, M. U. (2020). Refugee children's drawings: Reflections of migration and war. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(2), 481-495. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.6.2.481
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
Satici, S. A., Kayis, A. R., Yilmaz, M. F., & Eraslan-Capan, B. (2018). Dirty dozen scale: A study of adaptation to Turkish university students. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.288773
Sibley, C. G., Harding, J. F., Perry, R., Asbrock, F., & Duckitt, J. (2010). Personality and prejudice: Extension to the HEXACO personality model. European Journal of Personality, 24(6), 515-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.750
Sturmer, S., Benbow, A. E., Siem, B., Barth, M., Bodansky, A. N., & Lotz-Schmitt, K. (2013). Psychological foundations of xenophilia: The role of major personality traits in predicting favorable attitudes toward cross-cultural contact and exploration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(5), 832-851. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033488
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education.
Tozar, M. Z. (2019). Karanlik uclu kisilik ozelliklerine gore universite ogrencilerinin yasam doyumlari [Life satisfaction of university students according to dark triad personality traits] [Unpublished master's thesis]. Hacettepe University.
Wagner, R. T. (2017). The significant influencing factors of xenophobia. https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/educ_stsc/2/
Yakushko, O. (2009). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 36-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316034