Relationship between Parental Burnout Level and Perceived Social Support Levels of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests itself and continues during the disorder’s course with sym.
- Pub. date: August 15, 2020
- Pages: 533-543
- 1955 Downloads
- 2702 Views
- 20 Citations
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests itself and continues during the disorder’s course with symptoms of inadequacies in social interaction and communication, limited and repetitive behaviors and limited interests. It was stated that the burden and fatigue stemming from the long-term care of the child, changing family roles and routines, difficulties encountered during diagnosis and access to services, getting insufficient information about the diagnosis, the need for information to access appropriate education and rehabilitation services and the economic burden caused by satisfying this need, and the difficulties in participating in social life account for burnout in parents of children with ASD. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parental burnout, and the perceived social support level of parents of children with ASD and their satisfaction level from this support. In addition to this main purpose, (a) the relationship between parental burnout level, and the ages of the children with ASD, the time since diagnosis and parental age, and (b) whether there is a difference in the parental burnout level according to parental education level and gender were examined in the study. Data was collected from the parents of 296 children who met the criteria for participation in the study using the Participant Information Form, Parental Burnout Scale and Revised Parental Social Support Scale. The study results revealed that there was a weak and moderate negative relationship between perceived social support and parental burnout.
autism spectrum disorder parental burnout perceived social support satisfaction with perceived social support
Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, parental burnout, perceived social support, satisfaction with perceived social support.
References
Akkok, F., & Uzun, B. (2018). Yasamin diger penceresi: Otistik ozelliklere sahip cocuk babalari ve duygulari [Another window of life: fathers with autistic features and emotions]. Pegem Akademi.
American Psychological Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychological Association.
Ardic, A., & Olcay-Gul, S. (2019). Determination of psychometric properties of the Parents Burnout Scale. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 20(2), 619-632.
Ardic, A., & Cavkaytar, A. (2019).The effect of psychoeducational group family education program for families of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder on parents: A pilot study. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 11(1), 1-17.
Benson, P. R., & Karlof, K. L. (2009). Anger, stress proliferation, and depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: A longitudinal replication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(2), 350-362.
Bishop, S. L., Richler, J., Cain, A. C., & Lord, C. (2007). Predictors of perceived negative impact in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 112(6), 450-461.
Blacher, J., Neece, C. L., & Paczkowski, E. (2005). Families and intellectual disabilities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(5), 507-513.
Bromley, J., Hare, D. J., Davison, K., & Emerson, E. (2004). Mothers supporting autistic spectrum disorders: Social support, mental health status, and satisfaction with services. Autism, 8(4), 409-423.
Burisch, M. (2006). Das burnout-syndrom: Theorie der inneren Erschopfung [The burnout syndrome: Theory of internal exhaustion]. Spinger Medizin Verlag.
Cachia, R. L., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2015). Mindfulness, stress, and well-being in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1-14.
Cassidy, A., McConkey, R., Kenndy, M., & Slevin, E. (2008). Preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders: The impact on families and the supports available to them. Early Child Development and Care, 178(2), 115-128.
Cin, F. M., Aydin, M., & Ari, E. (2017). Examining burnout levels of mentally disabled children’s parents. Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(31), 19-32.
Coskun, G., & Akkas, Y. (2009). The relation which between anxiety level of the mothers who have disabled children and social support. Ahi Evran University Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty, 10(1), 213-227.
Duarte, C. S., Bordin, I. A., Yazigi, L., & Mooney, J. (2005). Factors associated with stress in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 9(4), 416-427.
Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C. M., & Cross, A. H. (1986). Mediating influences of social support: Personal, family and child outcomes. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90(4), 403-417.
Duygun, T., & Sezgin, N. (2003). The effects of stress symptoms, coping styles and perceived social support on burnout level of mentally handicapped and healthy children's mothers. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 18(52), 37–52.
Ekas, N., Likenbrock, D. M., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274-1284.
Ekas, N., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Autism symptom topography and maternal socioemotional functioning. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(3), 234-249.
Failla, S., & Jones, L. C. (1991). Families of children with developmental disabilities: An examination of family hardiness. Research in Nursing and Health, 14(1), 41-50.
Falk, N. H., Norris, K., & Quinn, M. G. (2014). The factors predicting stress, anxiety, and depressions in the parents of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3185-3203.
Glading, S. T. (2011). Family therapy: History, theory, and practice (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
Goldman, N. S. (1989). Burnout and coping strategies in mothers of young children. Dissertation Abstract International, 50(11), 5315-B.
Green, S. A., & Carter, A. S. (2014). Predictors and course of daily living skills development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 256-263.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Limited.
Hall, H. R., & Graff, J. C. (2011). The relationships among adaptive behaviours of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 34(1), 4-25.
Hartley, S. L., Seltzer, M. M., Head, L., & Abbeduto, L. (2012). Psychological well-being in fathers of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome and autism. Family Relations, 61(2), 407-416.
Hasting, R. P. (2003). Child behaviour problems amd partner mental health as correlates of stress in mothers and fathers of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4/5), 231-237.
Hsiao, Y. (2016). Pathways to mental health-related quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Roles of parental stress, children’s performance, medical support, and neighbor support. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 122-130.
Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629-642.
Jacobson, D. E. (1986). Types and timing social support. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27(3), 250-264.
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. SAGE Publications
Johnson, E. A., Frenn, M., Feetham, S., & Simpson, P. (2011). Autism spectrum disorder: Parenting stress, family functioning and health-related quality of life. Families, Systems and Health, 29(3), 232-252.
Kaner, S. (2003). Aile destek olcegi: Faktor yapisi, gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi [Family Support Scale: Study of factorial structure, reliability and validity]. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education, 3(3), 57-72.
Kaner, S. (2007). Ogretmenlerin ve anne-babalarin oz-yetkinlik inanclari tukenmislik algilari ve cocuklarin problem davranislari [Teachers' and parents' self-efficacy beliefs, burnout perceptions and children's problem behaviors]. Retrieved from Ankara University website:
Kaner, S. (2010). Psychometric properties of Revised Parental Social Support Scale. Education and Science, 35(157), 15-29.
Kaniel, S., & Simon-Tov, A. (2011). Comparison between mothers and fathers in coping with autistic children: A multivariate model. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 26(4), 479-493.
Kazdin, A. E. (1995). Child, parent, and family dysfunction as predictors of outcome in cognitive behavioral treatment of antisocial children. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33(3), 271-281.
Kim, H. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
Kirby, A. V., White, T. J., & Baranek, G. T. (2015). Caregiver strain and sensory features in children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 120(1), 32-45.
Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. MacMillan.
Kwiatkowski, P., & Sekulowicz, M. (2017). Examining the relationship of individual resources and burnout in mothers of children with disabilities. International Journal of Special Education, 32(4), 823-841.
Lecavalier, L., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006). The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 172-183.
Lewis-Beck, M, Bryman, A., & Liao, T. (2004). Encyclopaedia of social science research methods. SAGE Publication Inc.
Lindstrom, C., Aman, J., & Norberg, A. L. (2010). Increased prevalence of burnout symptoms in parents of chronically ill children. Acta Paediatrica, 99(3), 427-432.
Lyons, A. M., Leon, S. C., Reoker Phelps, C. E., & Dunleavy, A.M. (2010). The impact of child symptom severity on stress among parents of children with ASD: The moderating role of coping styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(4), 516-524.
Manor-Binyamini, I., & Abu-Ajaj, O. (2017). Ways of coping and mental burnout of Bedouin mothers compared to Bedouin fathers of children with ASD. Neuropsychiatry, 7(1), 61-68.
McStay, R. L., Trembath, D., & Dissanayake, C. (2014). Stress and family quality of life in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Parent gender and the double ABCX model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3101-3118.
Montes, G., & Halterman, J. (2007). Psychological functioning and coping among mothers of children with autism: A population based study. Pediatrics, 119(5), 1040-1046.
Nealy, C., O’Hare, L., Power, J., & Swick, D. (2012). The impact of autism spectrum disorders on the family: A qualitative study of mothers’ perspectives. Journal of Family Social Work, 15(3), 187-201.
Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6(4), 938-947.
Olcay-Gul, S., Olgunsoylu, B., & Unal, Y. (2015). The examination of post-traumatic stress symptom and social support levels of the families having a child with disability and typically developed. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 12(32), 221-245.
Osborne, L. A., & Reed, P. (2010). Stress and self-perceived parenting behaviors of parents of children with autistic spectrum conditions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(3), 405-414.
Ozkubat, U., Ozdemir, S., Gurel-Selimoglu, O., & Toret, G. (2014). A journey to autism: Social support perception of parents of children with autism. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 33(1), 323-348.
Padden, C., & James, J. E. (2017). Stress among parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: A comparison involving physiological indicators and parent self-reports. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 29, 567-586.
Paynter, J., Riley, E., Beamish, W., Davies, M., & Milford, T. (2013). The double ABCX model of family adaptation in families of a child with an autism spectrum disorder attending an Australian early intervention service. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(10), 1183-1195.
Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(3), 241-256.
Pelsma, D. M., Roland, B., Tollefson, N., & Wigington, H. (1989). Parent burnout: Validation of Maslach Burnout Inventory with samples of mothers. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 22(2), 81-87.
Plieger, T., Melchers, M., Montag, C., Meerman, R., & Reuter, M. (2015). Life stress as potential risk factor for depression and burnout. Burnout Research, 2(1), 19-24.
Pottie, L. I., Cohen, J., & Ingram, K. M. (2009). Parenting a child with autism; Contextual factors associated with enhanced daily parental mood. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(4), 419-429.
Pozzo, P., Sarria, E., & Brioso, A. (2014). Family quality of life and psychological well-being in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A double ABCX model. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 58(5), 442-452.
Procaccini, J., & Kiefaber, M. (1984). Parent burnout. Penguin Group.
Rivard, M., Terroux, A., Parent-Boursier, C., & Mercier, C. (2014). Determinants of stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1609-1620.
Sahin, U. (2019). Parents’ participation types in school education. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(3), 315-324.
Schieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2020). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics, 19(1), 114-121.
Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Abbeduto, L., & Greenberg, J. S. (2004). Trajectory of development in adolescents and adults with autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10(4), 234-247.
Simon-Tov, A., & Kaniel, S. (2011). Stress and personal resource as predictors of the adjustment of parents to autistic children: A multivariate model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(7), 879-890.
Skok, A., Harvey, D., & Reddihough, D. (2006). Perceived stress, perceived social support, and wellbeing among mothers of school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 31(1), 53-57.
Smith, L. E., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2012). Social support and well-being at mid-life among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1818-1826.
Stanojevic, N., Nenadovic, V., Fatic, S., & Stokic, M.(2017). Exploring factors of stress level in parents of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Special Education and Rehabilitation/ Specijalna Edukacija i Rehabilitacija, 16(4), 445-463.
Stuart, M., & McGrew, J. H. (2009). Caregiver burden after receiving a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(1), 86-97.
Sullivan, R. C., Ward, D., Faragoh, E., Hagamen, M. B., Foster, R. E., & Lavigna, G. W. (1979). The burn-out syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 111-126.
Taylor, J. L., & Warren, Z. E. (2011). Maternal depressive symptoms following autism spectrum diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1411-1418.
Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Berridge, D. M., & Lancester, G. A. (2011). Behavior problems at 5 years of age and maternal health in autism and intellectual disabilities. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(8), 1137-1147.
Weiss, J. A. (2002). Hardiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6(1), 115-130.
Weiss, J. A., Robinson, S., Fung, S., Tint, A., Chalmers, P., & Lunsky, Y. (2013). Family hardiness, social support, and self-efficacy in mothers of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(11), 1310-1317.
Weiss, J. A., Wingsiong, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014). Defining crisis in families of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Autism 18(8), 985-995.
Weitlauf, A. S., Vehorn, A. C., Taylor, J. L., & Warren, Z. E. (2014). Relationship satisfaction, parenting stress, and depression in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 18(2), 194-198.
Yasar, H., & Demir, S. (2015). The mediating role of teachers’ depression level on the relationship between emotional labor and burn-out. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 1(1), 1-8.
Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Vaillancounrt T., Smith, I. M., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S., Fombonne, E., Volden, J., Waddell, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., Georgiades, S., Bennett, T., Elsabaggh. M., & Thompson, A. (2017). Impact of personal and social resources on parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(2), 155-166.